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# Only for beginners [39]
This category contains some introductions and tutorials about UBUNTU and BACKTRACK for those who just start using LINUX.
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Official Ubuntu CD-ROMs

By far the easiest way to install Ubuntu is from an Official Ubuntu CD-ROM. You may download the CD-ROM image from an Ubuntu mirror and make your own CD, if you have a fast network connection and a CD burner. If you have an Ubuntu CD and CDs are bootable on your machine, you can skip right to Chapter 5, Booting the Installation System; much effort has been expended to ensure the files most people need are there on the CD.

If your machine doesn't support CD booting, but you do have a CD, you can use an alternative strategy such as hard disk, usb stick, net boot, or manually loading the kernel from the CD to initially boot the system installer. The files you need for booting by another means are also on the CD; the Ubuntu network archive and CD folder organization are identical. So when archive file paths are given below for particular files you need for booting, look for those files in the same directories and subdirectories on your CD.

Once the installer is booted, it will be able to obtain all the other files it needs from the CD.

If you don't have a CD, then you will need to download the installer system files and place them on the hard disk or usb stick or a connected computer so they can be used to boot the installer.

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 708 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Pre-Installation Hardware and Operating System Setup

This section will walk you through pre-installation hardware setup, if any, that you will need to do prior to installing Ubuntu. Generally, this involves checking and possibly changing firmware settings for your system. The "firmware is the core software used by the hardware; it is most critically invoked during the bootstrap process (after power-up). Known hardware issues affecting the reliability of Ubuntu on your system are also highlighted.

Invoking the BIOS Set-Up Menu

BIOS provides the basic functions needed to boot your machine to allow your operating system to access your hardware. Your system probably provides a BIOS setup menu, which is used to configure the BIOS. Before installing, you must ensure that your BIOS is set up correctly; not doing so can lead to intermittent crashes or an inability to install Ubuntu.

The rest of this section is lifted from the http://www.faqs.org/faqs/pc-hardware-faq/part1/, answering the question, "How do I enter the CMOS configuration menu?. How you access the BIOS (or "CMOS) configuration menu depends on who wrote your BIOS software:

AMI BIOS

Delete key during the POST (power on self test)

Award BIOS

Ctrl+Alt+Esc, or Delete key during the POST

DTK BIOS

Esc key during the POST

IBM PS/2 BIOS

Ctrl+Alt+Insert after Ctrl+Alt+Delete

Phoenix BIOS

Ctrl+Alt+Esc or Ctrl+Alt+S or F1

... Read more »
Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 1170 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Pre-Partitioning for Multi-Boot Systems

Partitioning your disk simply refers to the act of breaking up your disk into sections. Each section is then independent of the others.javascript:// It's roughly equivalent to putting up walls inside a house; if you add furniture to one room it doesn't affect any other room.

If you already have an operating system on your system (Windows 9x, Windows NT/2000/XP, OS/2, MacOS, Solaris, FreeBSD, …) and want to stick Linux on the same disk, you will need to repartition the disk. Ubuntu requires its own hard disk partitions. It cannot be installed on Windows or MacOS partitions. It may be able to share some partitions with other Linux systems, but that's not covered here. At the very least you will need a dedicated partition for the Ubuntu root.

You can find information about your current partition setup by using a partitioning tool for your current operating system, such as fdisk or PartitionMagic. Partitioning tools always provide a way to show existing partitions without making changes.

In general, changing a partition with a file system already on it will destroy any information there. Thus you should always make backups before doing any repartitioning. Using the analogy of the house, you would probably want to move all the furniture out of the way before moving a wall or you risk destroying it.

If your computer has more than one hard disk, you may want to dedicate one of the hard disks completely to Ubuntu. If so, you don't need to partition that disk before booting the installation system; the installer's included partitioning program can handle the job nicely.

If your machine has only one hard disk, and you would like to completely replace the current operating system with Ubuntu, you also can wait to partition as part of the installation process (the section called "Partitioning and Mount Point Selection”), after you have booted the installation system. However this only works if you plan to boot the installer system from tapes, CD-ROM or files on a connected machine. Consider: if you boot from files placed on the hard disk, and then partition that same hard disk within the installation system, thus erasing the boot files, you'd better hope the installation is successful the first time around. At the least in this case, you should have some alternate means of reviving your machine like the original system's installation tapes or CDs.

If your machine already has multiple partitions, and enough space can be provided by deleting and replacing one or more of them, then you too can wait and use the Ubuntu installer's partitioning program. You should still read through the material below, because there may be special circumstances like the order of the existing partitions within the partition map, that force you to partition before installing anyway.

If your machine has a FAT or NTFS filesystem, as used by DOS and Windows, you can wait and use Ubuntu installer's partitioning program to resize the filesystem.

... Read more »

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 1443 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Meeting Minimum Hardware Requirements

Once you have gathered information about your computer's hardware, check that your hardware will let you do the type of installation that you want to do.

Depending on your needs, you might manage with less than some of the recommended hardware listed in the table below. However, most users risk being frustrated if they ignore these suggestions.

A Pentium 4, 1GHz system is the minimum recommended for a desktop system.

Table 3.2. Recommended Minimum System Requirements

Install Type RAM (minimal) RAM (recommended) Hard Drive
No desktop 64 megabytes 256 megabytes 1 gigabyte
With Desktop 64 megabytes 512 megabytes 5 gigabytes

The actual minimum memory requirements are a lot less then the numbers listed in this table. Depending on the architecture, it is possible to install Ubuntu with as little as 20MB (for s390) to 48MB (for i386 and amd64). The same goes for the disk space requirements, especially if you pick and choose which applications to install; see the section called "Disk Space Needed” for additional information on disk space requirements.

... Read more »

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 976 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Information You Will Need

Documentation

Installation Manual

The document you are now reading, which is the official version of the Installation Guide for the maverick release of Ubuntu.

Hardware documentation

Often contains useful information on configuring or using your hardware.

Finding Sources of Hardware Information

In many cases, the installer will be able to automatically detect your hardware. But to be prepared, we do recommend familiarizing yourself with your hardware before the install.

Hardware information can be gathered from:

  • The manuals that come with each piece of hardware.

  • The BIOS setup screens of your computer. You can view these screens when you start your computer by pressing a combination of keys. Check your manual for the combination. Often, it is the Delete key.

  • The cases and boxes for each piece of hardware.

  • The System window in the Windows Control Panel.

  • System commands or tools in another operating system, including file manager displays. This source is especially useful for information about RAM and hard drive memory.

  • Your system administrator or Internet Service Provider. These sources can tell you the settings you need to set up your networking and e-mail.

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 709 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Back Up Your Existing Data!

Before you start, make sure to back up every file that is now on your system. If this is the first time a non-native operating system has been installed on your computer, it's quite likely you will need to re-partition your disk to make room for Ubuntu. Anytime you partition your disk, you run a risk of losing everything on the disk, no matter what program you use to do it. The programs used in installation are quite reliable and most have seen years of use; but they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you. Even after backing up, be careful and think about your answers and actions. Two minutes of thinking can save hours of unnecessary work.

If you are creating a multi-boot system, make sure that you have the distribution media of any other present operating systems on hand. Especially if you repartition your boot drive, you might find that you have to reinstall your operating system's boot loader, or in many cases the whole operating system itself and all files on the affected partitions.

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 743 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Overview of the Installation Process

First, just a note about re-installations. With Ubuntu, a circumstance that will require a complete re-installation of your system is very rare; perhaps mechanical failure of the hard disk would be the most common case.

Many common operating systems may require a complete installation to be performed when critical failures take place or for upgrades to new OS versions. Even if a completely new installation isn't required, often the programs you use must be re-installed to operate properly in the new OS.

Under Ubuntu, it is much more likely that your OS can be repaired rather than replaced if things go wrong. Upgrades never require a wholesale installation; you can always upgrade in-place. And the programs are almost always compatible with successive OS releases. If a new program version requires newer supporting software, the Ubuntu packaging system ensures that all the necessary software is automatically identified and installed. The point is, much effort has been put into avoiding the need for re-installation, so think of it as your very last option. The installer is not designed to re-install over an existing system.

Here's a road map for the steps you will take during the installation process.

  1. Back up any existing data or documents on the hard disk where you plan to install.

  2. Gather information about your computer and any needed documentation, before starting the installation.

  3. Create partitionable space for Ubuntu on your hard disk.

  4. Locate and/or download the installer software and any specialized driver files your machine requires (except Ubuntu CD users).

  5. Set up boot tapes/floppies/USB sticks, or place boot files (most Ubuntu CD users can boot from one of the CDs).

  6. Boot the installation system.

  7. Select the installation language.

  8. Activate the ethernet network connection, if available.

  9. Create and mount the partitions on which Ubuntu will be installed.

  10. Watch the automatic download/install/setup of the base system.

  11. Install a boot loader which can start up Ubuntu and/or your existing system.

  12. Load the newly installed system for the first time.

... Read more »

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 1035 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Memory and Disk Space Requirements

You must have at least 44MB of memory and 500MB of hard disk space to perform a normal installation. Note that these are fairly minimal numbers. For more realistic figures, see the section called "Meeting Minimum Hardware Requirements”.

Installation on systems with less memory or disk space available may be possible but is only advised for experienced users.

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 646 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Installation Media

This section will help you determine which different media types you can use to install Ubuntu. For example, if you have a floppy disk drive on your machine, it can be used to install Ubuntu. There is a whole chapter devoted to media, Chapter 4, Obtaining System Installation Media, which lists the advantages and disadvantages of each media type. You may want to refer back to this page once you reach that section.

CD-ROM/DVD-ROM

[Note]

Whenever you see "CD-ROM in this manual, it applies to both CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, because both technologies are really the same from the operating system's point of view, except for some very old nonstandard CD-ROM drives which are neither SCSI nor IDE/ATAPI.

CD-ROM based installation is supported for some architectures. On machines which support bootable CD-ROMs, you should be able to do a completely floppy-less installation. Even if your system doesn't support booting from a CD-ROM, you can use the CD-ROM in conjunction with the other techniques to install your system, once you've booted up by other means; see Chapter 5, Booting the Installation System.

SCSI, SATA and IDE/ATAPI CD-ROMs are supported. The Linux CD-ROM HOWTO contains in-depth information on using CD-ROMs with Linux.

USB CD-ROM drives are also supported, as are FireWire devices that are supported by the ohci1394 and sbp2 drivers.

Hard Disk

Booting the installation system directly from a hard disk is another option for many architectures. This will require some other operating system to load the installer onto the hard disk.

USB Memory Stick

Many Ubuntu boxes need their floppy and/or CD-ROM drives only for setting up the system and for rescue purposes. If you operate some servers, you will probably already have thought about omitting those drives and using an USB memory stick for installing and (when necessary) for recovering the system. This is also useful for small systems which have no room for unnecessary drives.

... Read more »

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 1011 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux

There are several vendors, who ship systems with Debian or other distributions of GNU/Linux pre-installed. You might pay more for the privilege, but it does buy a level of peace of mind, since you can be sure that the hardware is well-supported by GNU/Linux.

If you do have to buy a machine with Windows bundled, carefully read the software license that comes with Windows; you may be able to reject the license and obtain a rebate from your vendor. Searching the Internet for "windows refund may get you some useful information to help with that.

Whether or not you are purchasing a system with Linux bundled, or even a used system, it is still important to check that your hardware is supported by the Linux kernel. Check if your hardware is listed in the references found above. Let your salesperson (if any) know that you're shopping for a Linux system. Support Linux-friendly hardware vendors.

Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware

Some hardware manufacturers simply won't tell us how to write drivers for their hardware. Others won't allow us access to the documentation without a non-disclosure agreement that would prevent us from releasing the Linux source code.

Since we haven't been granted access to the documentation on these devices, they simply won't work under Linux. You can help by asking the manufacturers of such hardware to release the documentation. If enough people ask, they will realize that the free software community is an important market.

... Read more »

Category: # Only for beginners | Views: 719 | Added by: Administrator | Date: 2012-02-07 | Comments (0)

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